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The Fulani (Fulɓe) are one of Africa’s most widely dispersed peoples, numbering more than 25 million across the Sahel from Senegal to Sudan, with roots tracing back to the Futa Toro region of the Senegal River valley. In the early 19th century, the Fulani scholar Usman dan Fodio led a jihad that founded the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the largest pre-colonial African states.