Igbo traditional beliefs

In Igbo tradition, Ala is the earth goddess — held to be the most prominent and widely venerated of the arụsị (divinities), with a shrine in nearly every Igbo village. She governs fertility and the land, is keeper of Igbo law and custom (omenala, "the way of the land"), and is understood as the ultimate judge of human morality; the dead are received into her domain.

In Igbo tradition, Amadiọha is the deity of thunder and lightning, understood to represent the collective will of the people and to strike down those who swear false oaths or violate serious taboos. He is invoked as an enforcer of justice when human courts cannot resolve a wrong.

In Igbo tradition, particularly among the Nri, Anyanwu ("eye of the sun") is the sun deity, understood as the visible eye of Chukwu on earth — light and watchfulness, expressing the idea that nothing escapes the supreme being's gaze.

In Igbo tradition, chi is the personal spirit or spirit-double held to be given to every individual, responsible for that person's fortune and destiny — a kind of fragment of Chukwu (the Great Chi) present in each person. The novelist and essayist Chinua Achebe, in his essay "Chi in Igbo Cosmology," described it as central to Igbo psychology: a belief that every person is "both a unique creation and the work of a unique creator."

In Igbo tradition (Odinani), Chukwu — from chi ("spirit") and ukwu ("great"), "the Great Spirit" — is understood as the supreme creator, the source of all things and the ultimate authority over both the earthly and spiritual worlds. Chukwu is also called Chineke ("the Spirit that creates") and Olisa, names used interchangeably for the same being; many Igbo Christians today use Chukwu or Chineke as the name for the Christian God.

In Igbo tradition, Ekwensu is associated with trade and bargaining as well as war and chaos — warriors invoked Ekwensu before conflict, and the same force that could bring commercial success could also bring destruction. Under Christian missionary influence, Ekwensu was reinterpreted as an equivalent to Satan, a departure from the more ambivalent, two-sided figure of the original tradition.

In Igbo tradition, Ikenga is a deity of personal power, strength, and achievement, associated with the right hand — the hand of action and accomplishment. Exclusively venerated by men, an ikenga is also a physical carved figure kept by its owner as a focus for ambition and success, one of the most recognized forms of traditional Igbo sculpture.