The Igbo live primarily in southeastern Nigeria and are traditionally organized as a large number of autonomous, village-based communities rather than a single centralized kingdom. One notable exception was the Kingdom of Nri, whose priest-kings left behind the remarkable bronze artifacts unearthed at Igbo-Ukwu, dated to the 9th and 10th centuries.
Nsibidi, one of Africa's oldest independently invented writing systems, is an ideographic script traditionally guarded by secret societies like Ekpe and used to record law, ritual, and messages on cloth, calabashes, and house walls rather than in books.